DPP-4 inhibitors, also known as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, are drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. These medications work by inhibiting the enzyme DPP-4, responsible for the breakdown of incretin hormones. By inhibiting DPP-4, DPP-4 inhibitors prolong the action of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This results in increased insulin secretion, decreased glucagon secretion, and reduced hepatic glucose production. DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin are commonly used as monotherapy or combined with other medications like metformin, TZD, or insulin. While DPP-4 inhibitors are generally well-tolerated, they may have potential adverse reactions, such as upper respiratory tract infections, headaches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. One advantage of DPP-4 inhibitors is their weight-neutral effect, meaning they do not cause significant weight gain and, in some case
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